Austenite, martensite, bainite, pearlite; phase transformations during heat treatment
LIJ Med Tube Depending on the temperature and the rate of cooling, steel can transform into different microstructures, which in turn determine its properties. Austenite, martensite, bainite, and pearlite are not four unrelated, distinct entities; rather, they represent four different “altitudes” reached by the same piece of steel as it travels along the “mountain path”
Pulsed Field Ablation
A Safer Solution for Atrial Fibrillation Introduction Pulsed Field Ablation (PFA) is a new, non-thermal method for treating atrial fibrillation (AF). It uses short, high-voltage pulses to destroy heart muscle cells. Unlike traditional radiofrequency or cryoablation, PFA protects nearby tissues such as nerves, the esophagus, and blood vessels. How PFA Works PFA works by electroporation.